• br Introduction Histamine was generally accepted as a

  2021-11-04

  

  Introduction Histamine was generally accepted as a neurotransmitter in 1984, when histamine was first identified to be located in tuberomamillary nucleus (TM) of the brain (Watanabe et al., 1984). In mammals, histaminergic neurons play an important role in regulating multiple physiological activi

• The overall response rate to afatinib is

  2021-11-03

  

  The 13% overall response rate to afatinib is comparable to a 19% response rate reported by Peters et al. [20] in a separate retrospective series investigating the use of afatinib in more heavily pretreated patients with HER2-mutant lung adenocarcinomas. Our 13% response rate is also comparable to an

• The first suggestion that the Hh pathway

  2021-11-03

  

  The first suggestion that the Hh pathway might be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease was reported at the beginning of this millennium by Shackel et al. who noted that Patch and Gli were upregulated in their microarray analysis of liver tissues from patients with primary biliary ch

• Type IIIa b the ligand dependent oncogenic Hh pathway

  2021-11-03

  

  Type IIIa/b – the ligand dependent oncogenic Hh pathway (paracrine or reverse paracrine mode) is mediated by paracrine activation and is usually encountered in embryonic development, but also in installation and progression of cancer [58]. Specifically, Hh ligands secreted by malignant fk 506 activa

• br Mechanism of HH pathway activation in NSCLC Despite the

  2021-11-03

  

  Mechanism of HH pathway activation in NSCLC Despite the role of the HH pathway in basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, it has been postulated that epithelial tumors do not demonstrate cell autonomous HH ligand activity. The main evidence comes from the study by Yauch et al showing no correla

• Previous reports have implicated the guanylin GC C signallin

  2021-11-03

  

  Previous reports have implicated the guanylin/GC-C signalling system as being important in osmoregulation in fish, especially in euryhaline species such as the eel which migrate between freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) environments at different stages of their life cycle (Comrie et al., 2001a, Comr

• Throughout our studies we used CBD under the assumption

  2021-11-03

  

  Throughout our studies we used CBD under the assumption that it binds to the GPR55 receptor and has antagonist properties at the GPR55 receptor, as previously suggested (Whyte et al., 2009). To clarify whether the GPR55 receptor is involved in the O-1602-mediated effects on GI motility, we performed

• br Methods and materials br Results Overall free glutamate

  2021-11-03

  

  Methods and materials Results Overall, free glutamate intakes in US children and adults are shown in Table 1. The sample-weighted mean intake of crude free glutamate was 258 mg/d for children and 322 mg/d for adults. Furthermore, the corresponding energy-adjusted value was 136 mg/1000 kcal and

• Data were collected using a Powerlab

  2021-11-03

  

  Data were collected using a Powerlab and Chart 5 software (ADInstruments, Bella Vista, NSW, Australia) and were analysed using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Responses to ghrelin receptor agonists in phenylephrine, methoxamine, endothelin-1, U46619 and 60mM [K+] contracted vess

• Prior to proceeding to the main tests essential conditions w

  2021-11-03

  

  Prior to proceeding to the main tests, essential conditions were optimized. At first, we tested whether the parameters that were successful in inducing LacZ gene for the production of β-galactosidase enzymes in E. coli culture system in our previous study would be sufficient to induce LacZ gene in t

• The effect of GC on Fgf was

  2021-11-03

  

  The effect of GC on Fgf21 was not directly dependent on ileal Fgf15 because basal Fgf21 hyPerFUsion™ high-fidelity PCR Kit was similar in Fgf15+/+ and Fgf15−/− mice. Moreover, GC treatment induced similar Fgf21 up-regulation in both strains. Fxr activation has been reported to increase Fgf21 expres

• FPR family Human FPR was first defined biochemically in

  2021-11-03

  

  FPR family Human FPR was first defined biochemically, in 1976, as a high affinity binding site on the surface of neutrophils for the prototypic N-formyl peptide formyl-methionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF). It was then cloned in 1990, by Boulay et al. from a differentiated HL-60 myeloid leukemia-c

• This study introduces a mouse model carrying the

  2021-11-03

  

  This study introduces a mouse model carrying the point mutation R258W in Ffar1, which abolishes the stimulation of insulin secretion in response to long chain fatty acids. The minimal genetic alteration mirrors the human situation and has the advantage over conventional knockout/congenic mouse model

• Hydroxysafflor yellow A Thus aldolase catalyzing the reversi

  2021-11-03

  

  Thus, aldolase catalyzing the reversible reaction of F1,6-P2 synthesis is involved in the formation of the glyconeogenic or glycolytic complex, dependently on the physiological state of the cell. In the process of glycogen synthesis, the enzyme not only supplies the substrate for FBPase and desensit

• Most studies to date have focused on

  2021-11-03

  

  Most studies to date have focused on the physiological functions of FPS in plants. As mentioned above, numerous factors affect FPS expression and FPS function. However, FPS enzymatic assays require radiolabeled substrate and thus detailed enzymatic characterizations of FPS, including substrate speci

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